
Though in the west today, we consider reincarnation an Eastern philosophical and theological issue, it has not ever been thus.
In the early days of Christianity, by that I mean 0 CE-200CE, it was not uncommon for writers to draw on Plato and others who wrote of reincarnation. There is also some support for reincarnation in the bible itself. To take three examples:
"And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man who was blind from his mother's womb. And his disciples asked him, saying, 'Teacher, who did sin, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?'"
John 9:1-2 – The point being that since the man was blind since the womb, he could not have committed any crime in this life – implicitly reincarnation.
"When Jesus came into the country of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples saying, 'What do men say concerning me, that I am merely a son of man?' They said, 'There are some who say John the Baptist, others Elijah, and still others Jeremiah, or one of the prophets."
Matthew 16:13-14 – again, if reincarnation is so wrong, does not Jesus not rebuke the disciples for implying it here?
Though strictly speaking this is re-animation, the distinction is an extremely small one. The underlying principle is that spirit control the body; not the body controlling the spirit.
Lazarus, who having died comes back to life again. Without relating the whole story, the reference ends at “And he that was dead came forth” John 11:44.
Prior to 553, a few groups, including some Origenists, had been quite happily putting a Christina façade over a religion that resembled Hinduism and very closely Platonism; allowing both class structures and re-incarnation. However, one woman got in the way of this potential link up. Her name was Theodora. She was wife of Emperor Justinian.
Theodora could not stand the various rumours that abounded that she might come back as some lower animal in the next life because of her misdeeds and murders. Perhaps not surprisingly as she had started out pretty lowly in that life she sought to avoid going down any notches on the social ladder. Thus she wanted Christianity changed and those who spoke of reincarnation declared heretics.
Using her influence with Justinian, she had doctrine changed in order to prevent any further links with Karma. By the Fifth Ecumenical Council 553, the soul was deemed to be part of the body, which only came into existence once the foetus had been conceived.
One can only wonder what people presented with this doctrine might have thought happened to their souls once the body died, with this change to church philosophy. Anyone who did not abide by this doctrine was considered a heretic and would die as such.
The sad thing is, that this arbitrary decision:
a) continues to inform the abortion debate without people being aware of it.
b) prevented a more unified approach with the East and a faster exchange of information between our cultures.
c) causes considerable muddiness of thinking surrounding issues of the life force in human beings and where it comes from.
(my thanks to for the picture of Yin Yang energies. http://www.healingtherapies.info/images/Yin__Yang.gif)